Speaking of crocodile mummies: The “sacred crocodile” is a recently-described cryptic species from remote desert oases in the Sahara; this was apparently the crocodile species venerated in Sobek-worship ceremonies in Ancient Egypt, and DNA from crocodile mummies helped reveal the species. They’re smaller and much friendlier than Nile crocodiles.
This is a mummified crocodile from Egypt, about 2,500 years old, now at the British Museum. The museum put scans of the crocodile on display in 2015-2016. The species is probably the “sacred crocodile.”
There was anecdotal evidence about the weird behaviour of this
crocodile. Many people, from Herodotus to current researchers, have
described a sort of Nile crocodile that behaved differently. From my
reading of the earlier literature about the exploration of the Nile,
there were some suggestions of a smaller crocodile hanging out in the
estuaries while the large, aggressive ones that everyone was afraid of
lived in the middle of the Nile. Matt Shirley and I have thought about
analysing the fine-scale ecological differences between the two to see
if you could tap into how they could have overlapped in the Nile for so
long before the recent period. Did they use different habitats or have
different prey?
Tara Shine found these crocs living in caves in Mauritania that
initially appeared to be sluggish because they were hanging out at the
hottest time of the year. But people could feed them and come up to them
and they weren’t aggressive at all. And some of the local populations
apparently consider these crocs sacred. She took some samples and we now
know that these are C.suchus.
Were the Egyptians aware of the differences between the two species?
Herodotus wrote that the ancient Egyptians recognised one crocodile
that was larger and aggressive and another that was tamer and considered
sacred, which they raised in temples. That’s part of what Geoffrey St
Hilaire used in his description of the species.
(End of excerpt.)
Y’all like Sobek, the Egyptian crocodile deity, right? It had always been assumed by Western scientists that the crocodile living in Egypt and in oases in the Sahara were Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). But it turns out that a smaller, more docile, cryptic species was hiding in plain sight. This crocodile has since been recognized as a distinct species - Crocodylus suchus. Its common name is sometimes given as “West African crocodile” and sometimes given as “sacred crocodile” - an allusion to its heightened status in Ancient Egypt.
Here’s ya boy, Sobek (from the mortuary temple of Amenemhet III at Kom Ombo).
How was it determined to be a different species than the Nile crocodile?
An excerpt:
In Chad, Klemens had stumbled across six crocodiles in a small oasis
and, at his guide’s recommendation, jumped in with them. Puzzled by
their docile behaviour, Klemens took tissue from a dead one.
(…)
The iconic Nile crocodile actually comprises two different species —
and they are only distantly related. The large east African Nile
crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is in fact more closely
related to four species of Caribbean crocodile than to its small west
African neighbour, which has been named (Crocodylus suchus).
Evon Hekkala of Fordham University in New York and her colleagues
revealed evidence for the existence of the second species by sequencing
the genes of 123 living Nile crocodiles and 57 museum specimens,
including several 2,000-year-old crocodile mummies.
“It wasn’t even remotely related to the Nile crocodile samples I had been working on.”
Hekkala’s group collected as many Nile crocodile samples as they
could find, including several from ancient mummified animals. All of the
mummies were of C. suchus, indicating that the
ancient Egyptians had recognized the differences between the two
reptiles. Indeed, the ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote that the
Egyptians selectively used a smaller, tamer crocodile in ceremonies and
regarded it as sacred.
(End of excerpt.)
The preserved DNA in mummified crocodiles from Ancient Egyptian sites
helped taxonomists to determine that crocodiles used in Egyptian
ceremony were distinctly different from the Nile crocodiles of East
Africa.
These are crocodile mummies, prepared by Ancient Egyptians, on display at the museum at the Kom Ombo temple.
How do they occupy the desert?
During the early Holocene, the Sahara was much wetter, with some broad lakes and swamps occurring throughout the huge desert region. Over the past several thousand years, as these swamps disappeared, underground waterways continued to feed some oases. This resulted in the isolation of small pockets of some freshwater animals. There are genetic lineages of pygmy hippopotamus and desert crocodiles that have persisted in remote oases in the desert.
Outside of the Sahara, the sacred crocodile appears to be present across West Africa. Here’s a comparison between the distribution of the sacred crocodile and Nile crocodile.
Here’s where the sacred crocodile lives in the Sahara at present, including known sites that they used to inhabit over the past couple thousand years when the Sahara was much wetter. Though the crocodile used to live throughout the Sahara, notice that the crocodile is now mostly limited to Mauritania, though it’s possible that the Tibesti of Chad still hosts some crocodiles. They certainly used to be present in Egypt near Thebes and the Nile Delta.
Here are some examples of the desert oases where the crocodile persists.
Look at these little crocodiles and their desert oasis cave habitat!
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They’re less massive than Nile crocodiles, which I think makes them c u t e r.
Mummification was arguably the most important of ancient Egyptian religious practices as it was believed it was necessary to gain access to the afterlife. They believed that after someone died and was properly mummified they would have use of their physical body during their journey. Part of this journey was judgement by Osirus( God of afterlife) and 42 judges. Anubis, the (God of mummification) would guide the deceased through their journey and Thoth ( God of of wisdom) would weight the soul of the deceased. The soul would also journey with Ra through the afterlife. Mummies were heavily made up to look lifelike in addition to being preserved. During the mummification process, the bodies of the mummies were coloured. Men were coloured red and women yellow. This began during the third intermediate period. Mummies had fake eyes made of glass or stone in this period and they often had wigs or yarns woven into their hair. Mummies of the late period were decorated with gold leaf applied directly to the skin. Some forms of make up - kohl (a charcoal based eyeliner. ) Ancient Egyptians even painted the nails of the mummies with a form of henna. Pharaoh Ramesses I was found with his nails a deep orange colour, indicative of henna or dye.
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